The transformation of the ethno-religious structure in a province that frequently changed hands in a very short period and experienced three different administrations from the late 19th to the early 20th century.Undoubtedly, one of the most striking cities that witnessed various administrations within a short span and consequently underwent significant demographic changes must be Kars. In 1876, non-Muslims constituted approximately one-fifth of this province; however, after coming under Russian control following the War of 1877–78 ('93 War'), it experienced a heavy Muslim emigration to Central Anatolia and received substantial Christian immigration from Eastern Europe and the Eastern Black Sea region, resulting in non-Muslims making up nearly two-thirds of its population. Later, it reverted to Turkish control, and shortly thereafter, virtually no non-Muslims remained, save for a few settlements and a small population.