SOURCESOur map is compiled from two written sources.1) Justinian's Novella 31 ("New Constitution"). With this constitution of 536, the Byzantine Empire established two new provinces in the Armenian territories seized in the Persian War that ended with the "Eternal Peace" of 531: Upper Armenia (centered in Erzincan) and Fourth Armenia (civil administrative center at Martyropolis = Silvan, military center at Kitharizon = Bingöl Haraba). The provinces of First and Second Armenia, which had long belonged to Byzantium, were renumbered as Second Armenia (Sivas) and Third Armenia (Malatya). The cities included in each province are recorded.2) The anonymous Armenian Geography Treatise (Աշխարհացոյց), estimated to date from the late 6th century. This text, preserved in numerous early manuscripts, gives the administrative division of the Armenian Kingdom—which by then had long disappeared—and the organizational chart of the still very vibrant local Armenian principalities. It does not mention at all the two empires that partitioned the Armenian land. Interestingly, while it enumerates around a hundred Armenian principalities within the territory of the former kingdom, it does not name any principalities in the Armenia Minor region (Sivas and Malatya) that lay outside the domain of the old kingdom.We have depicted each province on the map with a different color. The lists below are arranged from west to east and from north to south.The thick blue line indicates the province of Armenia Minor, which was subject to the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 3rd/4th centuries AD; the thick red line shows the independent or semi-independent Armenian Kingdom that the Romans called Armenia Major. The black line marks the Byzantine/Persian boundary of influence as of the Peace of 531.BYZANTINE PROVINCES1) Second Armenia: Capital Sebastopolis (Sivas). Comana (Tokat central), separated from the province of Pontus Polemoniacus, and Zela (Zile), separated from the province of Helenopontos, were added to the former province of First Armenia.2) Third Armenia. Capital Melitene (Malatya). The former province of Second Armenia. Kayseri Pınarbaşı, Adana Feke, Maraş Göksun, and Afşin-Elbistan are included.3) Cis-Armenia or Upper Armenia: Its administrative capital was Justinianopolis (Erzincan-Üzümlü), and its military capital was Satala (Kelkit Sadak village). A large section of the former province of Pontus Polemoniacus extending as far as Trabzon and Giresun was annexed to this province. The Geography Treatise enumerates the following districts in this province. Curiously, no dynastic names are cited in any of the districts, and the lords of these districts (if any existed) played no role in historical events.a) Ağün or Arüdz: Kuruçay subdistrict of İliç and the south of Refahiyeb) Taranaği: Kemahc) Mntsur. North of Dersimd) Yegeğyats, Gk. Akilisênê: Erzincan Plaine) Terçan, Gk. Derxênê: North of Tercan, Çayırlıf) Mananaği: South of Tercan, Çatg) Sber, Gk. Syspiritês: İspirh) Şağakomk: Erzurum 'Georgian Gorge'i) Garin, Gk. Karinitês: Erzurum Plain4) Fourth Armenia: In this region, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Sophênê (Gk.) = Dzopk (Arm.), "lords of various nations holding the foreign title of 'satrap' ruled," according to the Constitution. The administrative capital was Martyropolis (Silvan), while the military capital was the fortress-city of Kitharizon, located on the banks of the Murat River east of Bingöl. Shortly after the establishment of the province, it was split in two; its northern part (Elazığ, Palu, Kiğı) retained the name 'Proper' Fourth Armenia, while the province of Mesopotamia was formed in its south (Diyarbakır).a) Tekik and Kovrek: They are known to have been at the western tip of the province and on the left bank of the Euphrates, but their locations are unclear. They may correspond to Çemişgezek and Baskil.b) Proper Dzopk, Gk. Sophênê: Çarsancak (Tunceli Mazgirt and Pertek), the homeland of the ancient Sophene kingsc) Hantsit, Gk. Anzithênê: Elazığ Plaind) Palahovid, Gk. Balabitênê: Palu and Kovancılar. Arşamunik, sometimes recorded as a separate district, must be between Palu and Elazığ, perhaps the ruins of Örencik west of Palu.e) Xortsean, Gk. Khorsanênê: Kiğı and Adaklıf) Haşdeank, Gk. Asthianênê: Bingöl central. The Murat River traversing this district forms the border between the two empires. The Fortress of Gtaric (Gk. Kitharizon) stood right at the border on the river's right bank.g) Greater Dzopk, Gk. Sophanênê: Diyarbakır province, or only its northern part, conquered by the ancient Sophênê kings. The Eğil region, the former royal capital, is referred to as Ankeğdun in Armenian histories.h) Nprgerd, Miyafarkin, Martyropolis: The city of Silvan. In the Geography Treatise, it is recorded as part of the province of Ağtsnik rather than Fourth Armenia. Although theoretically the administrative capital of the Byzantine province, it evidently remained on the Persian side for a considerable period.FORMER ARMENIAN PROVINCES UNDER PERSIAN RULE1) Kukark, Gk. Gogarênê: The people of this land, formerly subject to the Armenian Kingdom, were Georgian.a) Gğarck, Geo. Klarceti: Ardanuçb) Ardahan2) Dayk, Geo. Tao: Formerly the homeland of a people named Tao (probably of Caucasian origin), it was conquered and colonized by the Armenians at a date before Christ.a) Arseats Por: Yusufelib) Vokağe or Okağe: Tortumc) Azortats Por: Uzundered) Poğxa: Narmane) Bardizats Por: Oltu and south of Şenkayaf) Pertats Por: North of Şenkayag) Goğ: Göle3) Ayrarad or Ararat. The province (satrapy) named Armenia during the era of the ancient Persian Empire. It was the royal province of the Armenia Kingdom established in 190 BC. The Aras Plain, the cities of Gyumri and Yerevan, and the western part of Lake Sevan in the present Republic of Armenia are also included in this province. We enumerate only its districts remaining within Turkey:a) Pasean: Pasinler, Köprüköy, and Horasanb) Havnunik: South of Köprüköy, Avnik (Güzelhisar) Fortress.c) Apeğenk and Kapeğenk: Sarıkamış and the Kötek subdistrict west of Kağızman.d) Arşarunik: East of Kağızman and Digore) Şirag: Both banks of the Arpaçay. Arpaçay district, Akyaka, the eastern part of Kars central district, the city of Ani.f) Vanant: Kars central and Selim districts. The population of this district was a group of Caucasian or 'Bulgar' origin, probably Turkic.g) Pakrevant: Ağrı central and Eleşkirth) Dzağgodn: Diyadini) Gokovid: Doğubayazıtj) Cagadk: Iğdır central and Tuzlucak) Maseatsodn: Northern pastures of Mount Ararat, Aralık4) Duruperan: The lifeline of this province was the principality of Daron, which corresponded to the Muş Plain. The Mamikonians, who ruled the Principality of Daron from the beginning of the 4th century, also brought under their dominion four ancient principalities of Urartian origin in the northeast (Bulanık, Malazgirt, Ahlat, Adilcevaz) and some marginal districts in the north.a) Martaği: Tekman. It had a salt mine.b) Varajnunik: Hınıs.c) Dvaradzadap: Karayazıd) Daron: Muş Plain. Probably including Norşen (Güroymak), but excluding the mountainous terrain south of Muş. Perhaps Solhan and the south of Karlıova were also included, though the fate of these places after the wars of the 4th century is unknown.e) Asbagunik: Şadax or Cevizlidere valley south of Muş.f) Hark: Bulanıkg) Abahunik: Malazgirth) Pznunik: Ahlati) Xorxorunik: Adilcevaz5) Vasburagan: Probably separated from the province of Armenia in the time of the Persian Kings and allocated to princes of royal descent. Its name means "Property of the Prince" in Persian. Powerful dynastic lords ruled during the era of the Armenian Kingdom, frequently clashing with the royalty, particularly in Erciş, Muradiye, and Gevaş. Long after the period examined here, in the 9th-10th centuries, a powerful kingdom was established under the rule of the Ardzruni dynasty.a) Ağihovid: Erciş or only its northwestern part. Its east was perhaps a separate principality named Kaçperunik.b) Arperani: Muradiye.c) Arcişaghovid: Erçekd) Dosb: The city of Van and its north (Tushpa)e) Yervantunik: Edremit and the northern part of Gürpınar. In later eras, this region was called Hayots Tsor.f) Rşdunik: Gevaşg) Pun Martasdan or "Proper Medistan": Hoşap, central part of Gürpınarh) Antsevatsik: South of Gürpınar, that is, Norduzi) Ağpag: Başkale6) Ağtsnik or "Edge of Assyria": The country recorded under the name Alzi in Assyrian inscriptions. Once an independent kingdom, it became subject to the Armenian kings in the 1st century BC, but rebelled and broke away in the 4th century AD. Its ruling dynasty was renowned for being of Assyrian royal descent. The population of Artsn (Erzen, Garzan), the province's main center, was Syriac/Assyrian. However, Armenians were also densely populated, especially around Bitlis. Sasun was largely an independent entity.a) Artsn. Batman, Beşiri, and Kurtalan. The city of Great Artsn (Erzn, Anushirvan Ruins in Kurtalan) was the capital. Much later, the Kurdish lords of Ğarzan would preserve this name.b) Sasun: A mountain principality that boasted of being "first cousins" with the kings of Ağtsnik. It is famous for submitting neither to Persian, Byzantine, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Safavid, nor Ottoman rule in subsequent eras.c) Xuyt: Kavakbaşı subdistrict of Mutki. It is related that a primitive people devoid of civilization lived here.d) Salnotsor: The city and valley of Bitlis. An important pass. Its population was traditionally Armenian.e) Aznıvatsor: The Küçüksu Valley, now divided between Bitlis central and Tatvan.f) Dadig: Bölükyazı subdistrict of Bitlis central.g) Xerxetk: Siirt. Its population was Assyrian or "Khaldi". The meaning and scope of the second term are unclear.h) Kzex: Location uncertain. Perhaps the central subdistrict of Mutki. In some sources, Hizan.7) Mogk, Mogs. Probably a distinct people in ancient times that underwent Armenization. It consisted of proper Mogs (Bahçesaray), comprising six micro-principalities, and the Çermatsor Valley (Çatak).8) Gorcayk: About ten principalities belonging to the people called Gordu/Kordu. Because it was intermittently subject to the Armenian Kings between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD, the Geography Treatise depicts it as included in the Armenian country. However, it played no noteworthy role in Armenian history, and Armenian sources are extremely vague regarding the number and location of the principalities that formed the province."Proper" Gordu country (Gk. Gordyênê) is the central district of Şırnak.